Abstract:
With the developments in modern technologies
there is a vast increase in the kinds of hazard to which workers are exposed.
Therefore the need of Protective clothing is also increasing to ensure the
safety of peoples and the work place. Protective clothing refers to
garments and other fabrics related items designed to protect the wearer from
harsh environmental effects that may result in injury to death. Protective textiles have become an integral part of our milieu in one or the other
form. These textiles are designed to protect the
wearer from harsh environmental effects that may cause injury or may turn out to be fatal. The
biggest need in the personnel and property protection is the protection from
fire hazards. Protection from heat, flame, molten-metal splashes, severe
cold and frost, radiation sources, etc is a prime requirement for both civil
and defense applications. For many peoples in this world fire is an unavoidable
part of their daily work. The fire fighters and the peoples involved in the
industries such as steel, glass, cutting stations, edge working, glass
toughening, automotive, light assembly, coal mines, etc. needs to have
protection against fire. Fire causes the loss to both personnel and property.
Every year many peoples around the globe die because of fire and it also causes
the loss to the property. So it becomes very necessary to use the fire
retardant clothing in required places, area and by personnel. In many countries
there are set norms to use the fire retardant clothing in certain places. This
paper discusses the need of fire retardant clothing, mechanism and its
importance in personnel and property protection (PPP). The various technique
and fibers used in fire retardant clothing along with its area of application
has also been discussed.
Keywords: fire, hazards, pyrolysis, combustion, splashes, ignition, inherently.
1. Introduction
Textiles are found everywhere in modern society. The
textiles are used in numerous applications other than simple clothing. One of
these applications includes protective textile, which is used for the
protection from various hazards. Protective textile is an ensemble of textile
products and related material used in the manufacture of various protective
clothing for personnel working in hazardous environment. Protective
textile refers to garments and other fabrics related items designed to protect
the wearer from harsh environmental effects that may result in injury to death.
Protective
textiles have become an integral part
of our milieu in one or the other form. These textiles are designed to protect the wearer from harsh environmental
effects that may cause injury or may turn out to be fatal. The protective clothing includes garments and related
paraphernalia used for protection against extreme heat and fire, extreme cold, toxic
chemicals and gases, mechanical hazards, electrical hazards, radiation, etc2.
Some of the different protective clothing used against different hazards are:
1)
Ballistic Protective Textile
2)
Chemical and Biological Protective Textile
3)
Fire Retardant Textile
4)
Mechanical Protective Textile
5)
Radiation Protective Textile
6)
Foul Weather Protective Textile/High Visibility
Clothing
7)
High Altitude
Clothing
Fig: 1 Fire Retardant Clothing
The safety of
human beings has become an issue of concern with rapid industrialization.
Therefore, a growing segment of the industrial textiles industry has been
involved in a number of new developments in fibers, fabrics and protective
clothing2. Indian Defense Forces with a total strength of around 1.5
million individuals comprising the army, navy and air force, is one of the
largest consumers of protective textiles8. Approximately 25-30 % of
the troops is involved in high risk, counters insurgency & special
operations in super high attitude areas and requires protective clothing. In
addition, around 1.2 million individuals are present in paramilitary forces and
other security forces. In the last decade, extensive work has been
carried out in a number of laboratories to develop protective clothing for both
industrial workers, and the army. Protective clothing made from woven, knitted,
nonwoven fabrics have been designed to suit specific requirements, and
performance-evaluation techniques to simulate the work wear conditions have
been developed.
Health and
safety at work requires protective textiles for certain jobs and the threat
from fire at work place is currently a topical issue. The range of hazards and
the means of combating them continue to grow and become ever more complex. A
consequence of this is the development and exploitation of new textile fibers,
structures and clothing systems whose purpose is to provide improved
protection, whilst maintaining comfort, efficiency and well being1. The
production of environment friendly, non-toxic, flame retardant systems that
compliment the comfort properties of textiles have been the major challenges to
coatings and fabrication technology4.
Flame resistant clothing
protects the wearer from flames or flares, flying slag, metal droplets, and
red-hot sparks. The primary purpose of flame resistant clothing is to delay the
increase in skin temperature caused by heat exposure in order to give the
wearer time to escape the source of the flames and avoid or minimize the risk
of burns. Using different fibers, fabrics or weaves, it is possible to provide
protection against noise, insulation against the cold, heat and fire or a
combination of these qualities. In many situations fire retardant work wear
should provide insulation against heat as workers in many industries are
exposed to direct flame as well as heat9, 18.
2. Need of Fire protection:
Probably
it is the biggest need in the world today. Protection from heat, flame or
flares, molten metal splashes, metal droplets, and red-hot sparks etc., is a
prime requirement for both civil and defense applications. For many peoples in
this world fire is an unavoidable part of their daily work. The fire fighters
and the peoples involved in the industries such as oil, iron, steel, metal,
chemical, welding, electrical steel, glass, cutting stations, edge working,
automotive, light assembly, coal mines, etc. are routinely exposed to potentially
harmful situations or hazards like fire, electrical sparks and fluctuating
temperature etc.
Several workers die
every year due to fire related injuries.
As per National Crime Records
Bureau of India there were 23,360 deaths (64 deaths per day) due to fire in
India only during 2009, and many more suffered the fire related injuries. The deaths due to fire have a share
of 6.5% of total deaths during 2009 in India by natural and unnatural causes3.
So this shows there is a very much need of the fire retardant clothing. Fig: 2 Fire Hazard
Thermal risks in
fire situations against which the human skin has to be protected may be due to:
flame (convective heat), contact heat, radiant heat, sparks
and drops of molten metal, hot gases and vapours. Human tissue is very
sensitive to temperature. Total heat energy as low as 0.64cal/cm2 results
in a sensation of pain, and 1.2 cal/cm2
causes second-degree burns on exposed tissues. At 45OC,
the sensation of pain is experienced, and at 72OC the skin is
completely burnt. The purpose of protective clothing is therefore to reduce the
rate of heating-up of human skin in order to provide the time the wearer needs
to react, to escape, and to avoid or minimize burns.
3. How Textiles Catches Fire
Combustion of textiles is a complex phenomenon that involves heating,
decomposition leading to gasification, ignition, and flame propagation.
Combustion in textiles is a cyclic phenomenon. It’s a self catalyzing process. The
main requirements to burn textiles are heat, oxygen & fuel. When heat is
given to a cloth, its fibers get heated. The effect of heat on a fiber can
produce a physical as well as a chemical change. In thermoplastic fibers, the
physical changes occurs at second order glass transition temperature(Tg) and
subsequently melting occurs at a melting temperature Tm, whereas
chemical changes take place at pyrolysis temperature(Tp) and combustion
temperature(Tc). At Tp fiber undergoes thermal degradation and at Tc subsequent
oxidation and combustion may occur. When heat is given to fiber, at Tp it
pyrolysis and if produced volatile liquids and gases are combustible, they act
as a fuel for further combustion. If oxygen is present in sufficient quantity
and after pyrolysis the temperature is equal to or greater than Tc, the
flammable volatile liquids burn to give products such as carbon dioxide and
water and thus putting the material on fire. In fact, when a textile is
ignited, heat from an external source raises its temperature until the
structure begins to degrade. The rate of this initial rise in temperature
depends on the specific heat of the fiber, its thermal conductivity and also
the latent heat of fusion, vaporization or other changes that occur during the
combustion of the material1. Fig: 3 Mechanism of combustion
3.1 Thermal and Fire
Retardant Parameters for Fibers
When
solid materials are heated it undergoes physical and chemical changes at
specific temperatures depending on the chemical make-up of the solid.
Thermoplastic polymers soften at the glass transition temperature (Tg), and
subsequently melt at Tm. At some higher temperature (Tp), both thermoplastic
and non-thermoplastic solids will chemically decompose (pyrolyse) into lower
molecular weight fragments. Chemical changes begin at Tp and continue through
the temperature at which combustion occurs (Tc). These four temperatures are
very important when considering the flame resistance of fibers. Another
important factor in combustion is the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). This is the
amount of oxygen in the fuel mix needed to support combustion. The higher the
number, the more difficult it is for combustion to occur. Natural fibers are
not thermoplastic, therefore when they are subjected to a heat source,
pyrolysis and combustion temperatures are encountered before softening or
melting temperatures are reached and eventually ignite. On the other hand, low
melting thermoplastic fibers will melt and drip away from the flame before
pyrolysis and combustion temperatures are reached. However if the melt does not
shrink away from the flame front, pyrolysis and combustion temperatures are
eventually reached and ignition will occur.
In textile material ignition from a flaming source
should be low or if the material ignites, the fire spread should also be low
with minimum heat output. This makes these materials suitable to be used as
protective clothing. In general, thermoplastic fibers or fabrics such as nylon,
polyester and polypropylene fibers fulfill these requirements because they
shrink away from flame and if they burn they do so with a small slowly
spreading flame and ablate. However, for protective clothing there are
additional requirements such as protection against heat (as workers are exposed
to it during their course of work) by providing insulation as well as high
dimensional stability of the fabrics. So that upon exposure to the heat fluxes
they will neither shrink nor melt, and if they then decompose, form char. The
above mentioned requirements cannot be met by thermoplastic fibers as wearer
exposes to direct heat and to burns caused by contact of the molten mass with
the body. So the high performance fibers such as aramid fiber started being
used against heat and fire. It may also be noted that the aramid fibers, in
spite of their high oxygen index and high thermal stability, have not been
found suitable for preventing skin burns in molten-metal splashes because of
their high thermal conductivity. The mode of decomposition and the nature of
the decomposition products (solid, liquid, and gaseous products) depend on the
chemical nature of the fiber and also on the type of finishes or coatings
applied to the fabrics. If such decomposition products are of a flammable nature,
the presence of atmospheric oxygen gives rise to ignition with or without flames.
When the heat evolved is higher than that required for thermal decomposition, it
can spread the ignition to cause the total destruction of the material4.
The thermal and flame-retardant parameters of some fibers are given in the
Table: 1.
Table: 1 Thermal and flame-retardant properties of fibers1, 4
|
Fiber
|
Tg (0C)
(Glass
Transition)
|
Tm (0C)
(Melting)
|
Tp (0C)
(Pyrolysis)
|
Tg (0C)
(Combustion)
|
LOI |
|
Wool
|
-
|
-
|
245
|
600
|
25.0
|
|
Cotton
|
-
|
-
|
350
|
350
|
18.4
|
|
Viscose
|
-
|
-
|
350
|
420
|
18.9
|
|
Triacetate
|
172
|
290
|
305
|
540
|
18.4
|
|
Nylon 6
|
50
|
215
|
431
|
450
|
20.0-21.5
|
|
Nylon 6.6
|
50
|
265
|
403
|
530
|
20-21
|
|
Polyester
|
80-90
|
255
|
420-477
|
480
|
20-21.5
|
|
Acrylic
|
100
|
>220
|
290
|
>250
|
18.2
|
|
Polypropylene
|
-20
|
165
|
469
|
550
|
18.6
|
|
Modacrylic
|
<80
|
>240
|
273
|
690
|
29-30
|
|
PVC
|
<80
|
>180
|
>180
|
450
|
37-39
|
|
PVDC
|
-17
|
180-210
|
>220
|
532
|
60.0
|
|
PTFE
|
126
|
>327
|
400
|
560
|
95.0
|
|
Oxidized
acrylic
|
>640
|
-
|
55
|
-
|
-
|
|
Nomex
|
275
|
375
|
310
|
500
|
28.5-30
|
|
Kevlar
|
340
|
560
|
590
|
>550
|
29
|
|
PBI
|
>400
|
-
|
>500
|
>500
|
40-42
|
High performance fibers
aid enormously in allowing products to meet these challenges. High performance fibers
and high temperature resistance fibers offer numerous advantages over
traditional materials. Higher strength, light weight, higher operating temperatures
and flame retardant ability are some of the most prominent features of these fibers.
These outstanding properties create opportunities to manufacture products that
historically could not be made due to technical constraints.
3.2 Fire Retardant Clothing needs to meet
these requirements:
·
Flame-resistance (it must not continue to burn
and be a hazard)
·
Integrity (the garments should remain intact,
that is, not shrink, melt, or form brittle chars, which may break open and
expose the wearer)
·
Insulation (garments must retard heat transfer
in order to provide time for the wearer to take evasive action, during
combustion, they must not deposit tar or other conductive liquids)
·
The Fire retardant clothing must have high
dimensional stability and breathability.
·
Fume toxicity should
not be there in fire.
·
Liquid-repellency to block dangerous chemicals (this
is sometimes necessary to avoid penetration of oils, solvents, water, and other
liquids) 8, 15.
4. Fibers used in Flame Retardant
Protective Clothing:
Such fabrics can
be made by selecting special fibers which are:
·
Inherently flame retardant, like aramid
fibers(Kevlar, Nomex and Conex), modacrylic fibers, polybenzimidazole (PBI)
fibers, semicarbon fibers and phenolic fibers.
·
Chemically treated fiber/fabric by using
flame retardant finishes, where fabric is treated with chemicals to impart
flame retardancy.
4.1
Inherently
flame retardant fibers
4.1.1 Aramid: Aramid fiber is a
heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber; these fibers have unique properties
that set them apart from other fibers. Aramid fiber tensile strength and
modulus are significantly higher than those of earlier organic fibers, and
fiber elongation is lower. Aramid fibers can be woven on fabric looms more
easily than brittle fibers such as glass, carbon or ceramic. They also exhibit
inherent resistance to organic solvents, fuels, lubricants and exposure to
flame. In Para Aramid (Kevlar), the polymer chains are very stiff, brought
about by bonding of rigid phenylene rings in the para position. In contrast, for Meta Aramid (Nomex), the
phenylene and amide units are linked in the meta position, which results in an
irregular chain conformation and a correspondingly lower tensile modulus. The
LOI Value for Para Aramid (Kevlar) and Meta Aramid (Nomex) are 29 and 30
respectively.
It is used in
aerospace and military applications for Fire-Retardant Clothing and
Bullet-proof body armor fabric and as a substitute of Asbestos. It provides
long-lasting protection. Whether it is found in protective suits, underwear,
socks or gloves, the exceptional flame-resistance provided by aramid cannot be
washed out or worn away. They begin to char at about 400 °C with little or no
melting, have low flammability and ensure good fabric integrity at elevated
temperatures5.
4.1.2 Semi Carbon or Panox: Panox
is used when it comes to industry standard
fire-retardant textile fibers. Panox is an oxidized, thermally stabilized
polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber. Panox fiber does not burn, melt, soften or drip.
Panox can be easily processed into yarns, woven fabrics, nonwovens and
felts. This fiber has excellent flammability classification S-a (DIN EN 532/533),
High thermal stability, High LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) value. The LOI value
for Panox is 29%.
4.1.3 Polyphenylene Sulphide: It has exceptional
heat and flame resistance property. They do not support
combustion under normal atmospheric conditions, and the LOI is 34–35%. Chemical
resistance and the ability to retain physical properties under extremely
adverse conditions make the fiber valuable for protective clothing with a low
density of 1.34 g/cm3. Maximum Constant Temperature can be sustained is
2000 C.
4.1.4 PBI (Polybenzimidazole): PBI fiber is a high-performance fiber recognized for its
exceptional thermal stability and chemical resistance. These two qualities,
along with its excellent textile processing characteristics, have secured PBI fiber a unique position in the
high-performance fiber markets. PBI gains much of its thermal stability
from the fact that it is a wholly aromatic, ladder-like polybenzimidazole
structure. PBI fiber does not undergo
sustained burning in air. The lowest concentration of oxygen that will
sustain burning is 41%. Fabric produced from PBI fiber exhibits no after-flame
and minimal char length (10 mm or 0.4 inches) in vertical flammability test
(FSTM 191–5903). This further confirms PBI’s exceptional flame resistance. The PBI
retains integrity up to 450°C. The fiber first used in spacecraft applications.
Even today it is popular in military and aerospace applications due to its
thermal stability and ability to retain fiber integrity even in exposure to
flame5.
4.1.5 PBO: PBO fibers exhibit
very high flame resistance and have exceptionally high thermal stability (onset
of thermal degradation in the 600–700 °C range). PBO fibers also have very good
resistance to creep, chemicals and abrasion. However, the poor compressive
strength of these fibers restricts their use in composites. PBO fabrics are light and flexible, providing improved
comfort and mobility, and are ideal for heat and flame resistant work-wear such
as for fire fighters. Motorcycle suits have particular areas, such as the knee
and elbow regions, reinforced with PBO fabric, providing the required excellent
heat, flame and abrasion resistance. The LOI value
for PBO is 68%5.
4.1.6 Modacrylic: It is inherently
flame resistance acrylonitrile fibers, can be used in chemical plants and tyre
manufacturing plants since it is resistance to most acids, alkalis and bleaches. Modacrylic has
properties that are similar to an acrylic. However, modacrylics are flame
retardant and do not combust. The
fibers are difficult to ignite and will self-extinguish. Modacrylic fibers have
a moderate resistance to abrasion and a very low tenacity. They also have great
dimensional stability and high elastic recovery, which gives them the ability
to hold their shape. The lowest concentration of oxygen that will
sustain burning is 29%. Modacrylics have the ability to combine flame retardancy with a
relatively low density, meaning protective gear is not uncomfortably heavy
(i.e. shirts and trousers worn by electrical linemen). The
combination of flame retardancy and low density is also useful in furnishings, draperies.
4.1.7 Vinex: This is fire
resistance comprised of 85% inherently flame
resistant vinyl and 15% polynosic rayon. It retains its flame resistant
properties throughout the service life of the garment. The fabrics produced
from vinex are used as protective clothing at major aluminum companies worldwide.
It also has good comfort properties. Vinex is specifically
engineered to perform as a specialty protective clothing fabric for use in the
aluminum industry because it exhibits a unique ability to shed molten metal.
Since insulation from thermal heat sources is directly related to fabric weight,
heavier weight styles of vinex will offer more protection from
second-degree burns than lighter weights. Many aluminum companies have also
performed in-house splash tests to determine the protection level required for
their unique situation.
4.1.8 Polyacrylate fiber: Polyacrylate
is a crosslinked copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide. It’s a nonflammable
fiber has an LOI of 43%. When subjected to a flame, it neither burns nor melts.
It emits virtually no smoke or toxic gases. It has very good fire resistance
properties but due to its low strength and brittleness durability of Protective
clothing may not be adequate. This fiber also offers protection from attack by chemicals,
including strong acids and alkalis, it may be found useful in filtration of liquids
and hot gases4.
4.1.9 Phenolic or novoloid
fibres: Phenolic are highly fire retardanr fiber. The fabrics made
from these fiber can withstand short term exposure to an open flame without
damage or shrinkage. Their ignition temperature is above 25000C and
the Limiting Oxygen Index is 30-35%. Kynol, Philene and Basofil are the type of phenolic fiber.
4.1.10 Glass: Silica based fibers that provide insulation and also
flame resist characteristics, are also popular for use as fire protective
clothing. They are used for protective apparel and also the fire extinguisher
covers. Glass fiber fails to provide comfort characteristics to the wearer.
Hence it is coated with PU, silicones, or aluminized polyester film to improve
the comfort properties along with flame resist and heat barrier properties4.
4.2 Chemically treated
fiber/fabric.
Fabrics which have been treated with flame retardant
chemicals unlike inherently flame resistant fabrics suffer
from the drawback that their efficacy will diminish over time. As the Fabric is
washed subsequently their flame retardancy also gets washes away and also with
the use of clothing its flame retardant property is rubbed off. By contrast,
the flame resistant properties of fabric composed of inherently flame resistant
fibers are permanent and will remain effective until the garment itself has
worn out.
There are various chemicals and agents available for
different type of fiber for making them flame retardant. However the treated
flame retardant fabric mainly uses the Pyrovatex and Pyroguard treatment as
coating material on Cotton. Pyrovatex and Pyroguard are the more commonly use
treatment on cotton.
The treated flame retardant
fabric are mainly used where washing of textile is not so often e.g. curtains, sheers, upholstery, stage curtains, blankets, bedding,
wall coverings, blinds and others home textile products.
5. Application
5.1 Firefighters’ Suits: The fabric has three layers, an outer
shell, a vapour barrier and a thermal barrier. A batting or a needle punched
construction in fabric uses as linings on inside or on both sides. The shell
fabrics used were of aramid fiber, an aramid/novoloid fiber blend, and FR
cotton. Proper
protection against heat and flames is essential for fire fighters. When
entering a dangerous environment, the fire fighter must be confident that
he/she has the best protection available. Fig: 4 Fire fighter’s Suit
Clothing for Naval and Armed-forces Personnel: It is mostly made up of
lightweight Nomex fibers. It is used by men working at board ship. Garment used
here must provide protection against cold also.
5.2 Oil Refinery: Fire
is a hazard in Oil Drilling both offshore and onshore, refineries, pipeline
maintenance and where ever there is a risk of flame or explosion. The work has
to be done, even when the risk of the fire cannot be completely averted in mind,
the hazardous work environments of offshore drilling units where the workers
needs protection not only against flame but also against water and oil.
Fig:
5 Workers in Oil Refinery
5.3 Iron and steel industry: This
is the most hazardous work place where the workers are exposed not only to high
temperatures but also to the risk of open flame and large splashes of molten
metal. To provide adequate protection to the workers in this industry the Fire
Retardant clothing should be provided to the worker.
Fig: 6 Worker exposed to heat at steel
industry
Some of the big steel
producers such as Tata Steel, Steel Authority of India Ltd, Ispat Industries
and Essar Steel are making significantly higher investments in this area.
5.4 Chemical industry: The handling of
chemicals in a production facility can represent a potential fire hazard
therefore, workers need to be protected.
5.5 Welding Industry: Heavy
and medium welding operations are associated with the risk of Flame, Heat,
Sparks and drops of molten metal. Flame protective work wear first became important in
the metal industry. Workers in these industries need protection not only from
heat and flames, but also from sparks and drops of molten metal.
Fig: 7 Protective Wear during Welding
5.6 Electrical Industry: Flame
protective work wear is becoming increasingly important to the electrical
industry.
5.7 Others: The Fire retardant fabric also finds an
extensive area of application in (Mainly
the treated flame retardant fabric are used in most of these application as
there are not so frequent washing requirement.)
·
All building and
constructions need to get fire safety clearance from the fire department.
However these clearances are more from the construction perspective rather than
furnishing perspective. With boom in retail and real estate there has been
rapid emergence of shopping complex, malls, cinema multiplex etc. There is need
of fire retardant fabrics in these areas from the security point of view.
·
The fabrics used in
the interiors of Airlines, Railways and Ships are another key market.
·
Office furnishings and
hospitals are another key sector.
·
The fabrics find
application in curtains, sheers, upholstery, stage curtains, blankets, bedding,
wall coverings and blinds. However the awareness of these materials is low and
there is no regulation on usage of these materials from the safety perspective
which hinders the market off-take8.
6.
Test for Flame Retardancy:
The fire
Retardant fabrics need to clear some standard test before making it for use.
The type of test to be cleared depends on the application area in which fabric
is to be used e.g. 16 CFR 1610 is used for general wearing apparel2.
NFPA 701 is used for fabric or other materials used in curtains, draperies,
table skirts and other window treatment where as NFPA 1971 is used for fire
fighting protective ensembles and ensembles element that include coats,
trousers, coveralls, helmets, gloves, footwear and interface component. If the
clothing is used for the protection against molten metal splashes then EN 373
test needs to be considered. The test to determine the critical oxygen content
or LOI is ASTM D2863. The other standard tests used for the fire retardant
textiles are: 16CFR1615/1616, EN 531, EN 533, BS 5852/5438, IS 11871, ISO
11613, ISO 6940/6941, ASTM D 1230, ASTM D 6413-08 and ASTM F 1506.
7. Conclusion:
Now a day’s fire retardant clothing are found to be used in different
areas as we have found. The fabric should provide protection against flame,
heat and molten-metal splashes to be used as fire retardant clothing. The
market for fire retardant clothing is getting expand, so there is a lot of
scope to flourish fire retardant clothing in this new generation. As now-a-days
the safety of peoples at work place and also the protection of property are of
prime importance. These types of fabrics are used commercially in domestic
purposes, defense purpose and many research applications. The fire retardant
clothing which are made by coating of fabric with fire retardant agent are more
economical as compare to fire retardant clothing made by using inherent fire
retardant fiber. However the coated fire retardant fabric tends to lose their
fire retardancy after certain washes. The fire retardant clothing find their
application in many areas including work wear for various industries (Oil,
iron, steel, Metal, Chemical, Welding and Electrical) to Fire Fighter’s Suit
and furnishing fabric used in home, office, buses, trains, cars and air craft. These
fabrics are used against life threatening hazards so one must be very much
cautious about the new developments or a new products and testing should be
done prior to adopting new products.
8. References:
1.
“Protective Clothing”, by Pushpa Bajaj & A K
Sengupta. Textile Progress, Vol 22, No 2/3/4.
2.
Handbook of Industrial Textile: Safety and Protective
Textile by S. Adanur pp 415-468
3.
Information on http://ncrb.nic.in/
4.
Handbook of Technical Textile: Heat and Flame
Protection by Pushpa Bajaj, pp 223-259 and Textile in Defence by Richard A
Scott, pp 425-458.
5.
High Performance fiber by JWS Hearle: Aramids by Serge
Rebouillat, pp 23-61 and Thermally Resistant Fiber by A Richard Horrocks, Hans
Eichhorn, Hasso Schwaenke, Neil Saville, and Charles Thomas pp 281-324.
6. Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile
Research Vol. 32, September 2007, pp 306-318, Inderjeet Kaur, Vibha &
Rajneesh Sharma.
8. Baseline survey of the technical textile industry in India,
March 2009, IMaCS Analysis
9. The
Indian Textile Journal “Application of protective clothing in textiles” by : M
Parthiban and M Rameshkumar, May 2007
10. Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles:
Practical Applications By Edward D. weil Sergei V. Levchik
11. Fire Retardants Materials By AR Horrocks and
Dennis Price pp 128-178
13. Defence Science Journal, vol. 58, No. 4, July
2008, pp 451-459, “Nanotechnology and protective Clothing for Defense
Personnel” By: G. Thilagavathi, A.S.M. Raja and T. Kannaian
14. Industrial Textile Association, USA “An
Overview of Protective Clothing- Markets, Materials, Needs”: By William C.
Smith
15. EFRA European Flame Retardants Association-
Making Textiles safer against fire, May 2007.
16. Environmental Aspects of flame Retardants,
By: Dr. Heinz Hofer, Osterreilaisches Forschungszentrum Seibersdorf
17. Current Challenges for advanced fire proof /
fire resistant, composites and related materials-general Issues By Dick
Horrocks, University of Bolton.
18. White Paper on Formulation of Regulations in
respect of Safety Industrial Work Wear (Heat and Flame), Draft Report Prepare
by : CoE (Protech), NITRA
19. Engineered
garments for fire protection by : Dr.
Hireni Mankodi and Mehul Pancholi www.fibre2fashion.com
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